Istanbul Airport: Difference between revisions

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==== Cargo and MRO Aprons ====
==== Cargo and MRO Aprons ====
Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with '''K'''. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.
Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with '''K'''. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.
== Pushback Procedures ==
Each gate/stand in Istanbul Airport has published standard and alternative pushback procedure. These procedures increase efficiency of the aprons, gates, ground movements and streamline the traffic flow through out the airport. You might see abbreviations such as '''PSN'''. There are "Pushback Positions" which act as point where aircraft should pushback to.
[[File:Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard]]
[[File:Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative]]
[[File:Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard]]
=== Southwest Area - A Pier ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A2L thru'''
'''A2R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS8
(Be aware
of the ACFT
pushbacks
from stands
A2L, A2, B1
and B1R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A3L thru'''
'''A7R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A8L thru'''
'''A8R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North. TWY E5 will remain
clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A9'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North, then pulled forward
until TWY E5 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''A10'''
'''A11'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel
is at the PSN5 point.
|E2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN5'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A10L, A10R'''
'''A11L, A11R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel
is at the PSN5 point.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN5'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face North and continue push until
TWY T2 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on E2 TWY'''
|}
[[File:Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternative]]
=== Northwest Area - B Pier ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B1L thru'''
'''B1R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS8
(Be aware
of the ACFT
pushbacks
from stands
A2L, A2, B1
and B1R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B3L thru B3R'''
'''B5L thru B5R'''
'''B7L thru B7R'''
'''B9L thru B9R'''
'''B12L thru'''
'''B12R'''
'''B13'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B14'''
'''B15'''
'''B16'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NW to face West.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushing back
from stand
B14 facing East
should pull
forward until
T2 TWY is clear.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NW to face East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west Cul-De-Sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative2.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative -2]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west Cul-De-Sac - C gates - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - Standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | West Cul-de-Sac Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B10L thru'''
'''B10R'''
'''B17'''
'''B18L thru'''
'''B18R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing South.
Taxi out via TC TWY.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushing back
from stand B17
should pull
forward until
NW TWY
is clear.
CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face
South shall use
TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D13'''
'''D15'''
'''D17'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use
TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D19'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NW facing East and continue push until
TWY T3 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East on NW'''
'''TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B4'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel
is at the PSN5 point.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN1'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing South, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN2 point on TWY T5
facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN2'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B6L thru'''
'''B6R'''
'''B8L thru'''
'''B8R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing South and continue push until
its nosewheel is at the PSN1 point.
Taxi out via TC TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS6
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B6R and
B8L).
CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN1'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing North abeam stand B6, TWY
TC will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''Abeam Stand B6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D7'''
'''D9'''
'''D11'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing North, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN2 point.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFT pushing
back face South
shall use TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN2'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing South and continue push until
abeam stand D11. Taxi out via TC TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''Abeam Stand D11'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B2'''
'''C3'''
'''C4'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T3 facing South. Taxi out via T5 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T3 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing West abeam stand C2. Taxi out
via T3 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''C1'''
'''C2'''
'''D1'''
'''D3'''
'''D5'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing East abeam stand C3. Taxi out
via T5 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T5 facing South abeam stand D7. Taxi
out via T3 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T5 TWY'''
|}
[[File:Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative2.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | East Cul-de-Sac Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D12'''
'''D14'''
'''D16'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D20'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NE facing West and continue push until
TWY T9 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face Wast on NE'''
'''TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F12L thru'''
'''F12R'''
'''F14'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D6'''
'''D8'''
'''D10'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN4 point.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN4'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South and continue push until
abeam stand D10.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''Abeam Stand D10'''
|-
|'''F4L thru'''
'''F4R'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until
its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.
| rowspan="3" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN3'''
|-
|'''F4'''
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South then pulled forward until
its nosewhell is at the PSN 4 on TWY T7 face North.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN4'''
|-
|'''F4L'''
'''F4R'''
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D2'''
'''D4'''
'''E1'''
'''E2'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''Abeam Stand F6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E3'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T7 TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E4'''
'''F2'''
|'''Standard'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}


== Taxi Procedures ==
== Taxi Procedures ==
Line 214: Line 918:


=== Terminal Area ===
=== Terminal Area ===
Main terminal has predefined exits and routes. These predefined routes and directions help ease the traffic flow and ground movement on the a<references />
Main terminal has predefined exits and routes. These predefined routes and directions help ease the traffic flow and ground movement in the airport. As it can be seen below from the picture, the
[[File:LTFM Terminal Exits.png|center|thumb|700x700px|Diagram showing Terminal apron exits and directions, taxiways to be used.]]
<references />
[[Category:Airports]]
[[Category:Airports]]

Revision as of 09:17, 19 January 2023

Istanbul Airport ATC Tower

Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) is the biggest airport in Turkiye. Located in north west of Istanbul, the airport is the busiest and biggest airport in Europe as per 2022 statistics of EuroControl[1]. The airport has 5 runways, fuel farm, dedicated cargo area consisting of 5 apron (29 heavy stands), several warehouses and facilities (biggest one being Turkish Cargo followed by DHL and UPS), and is home to world's biggest airport terminal (under one roof).

The airport has not been completed. As of January 2023, only Phase 1a and 1b is finished. The final phase of the airport includes 8 runways, 2 terminals with 1 satellite terminal.

Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout

Sceneries

Payware

There are multiple payware options depending on the simulator for Istanbul Airport. You can find more information from the table below.

Simulator Developer Publisher Links
P3D v4/v5 SceneryTR SceneryTR https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-stanbul-airport-ltfm.phtml
X-Plane SceneryTR Aerosoft https://secure.simmarket.com/aerosoft-airport-istanbul-x-plane-11.phtml
MSFS 2020 SceneryTR SceneryTR Can be bought from MarketPlace

OR https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-istanbul-airport-ltfm_msfs.phtml

Freeware

SceneryTR - Istanbul Airport in Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020

There are also freeware options available for Istanbul Airport. However there is significant difference in quality.

Simulator Developer Publisher Links
FSX/P3D Hakan Daghan, Kamil Uzun, Erman Gokman Pilicoglu, Muhtesem Firtina Ozcinar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
X-Plane Mali Oguducu, Hayri Buberci, Kamil Uzun, Muhtesem Firtina Ozcinar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
MSFS 2020 Hayri Buberci, Mali Oguducu, Kamil UZUN, M Firtina Ozcinar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp

Arrival Procedures

Istanbul Airport is located within Yesilkoy TMA (Terminal Manoeuvring Area). Yesilkoy TMA covers Istanbul Airport (LTFM), Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ), Ataturk Airport (LTBA), Samandira Airbase (LTBX), Corlu Ataturk Airport (LTBU), Hezarfen Municipal Airport (LTBW), Cengiz Topel Airport (LTBQ), Canakkale Airport (LTBH), Bursa Yunuseli Airport (LTBE) and Bursa Yenisehir Airport (LTBQ).

Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1) capability is required. If unable, pilot must inform the controller so that aircraft can be given radar vectors to final. Arrival into Istanbul Airport might seem complicated to some pilots however it is actually very simple. LTFM STARs utilize PMS (Point Merge System) for efficient airspace control, separation, and to control traffic flow within Yesilkoy TMA. All STARs utilize idle descent philosophy until PMS entry. These point merge systems act as an arc of a circle and ease air traffic control.

STARs

The STARs at Istanbul airport are designed to be ambiguous between the active runways. For instance, if northern config is active, RILEX2A STAR will end at IMREN waypoint, and IMREN is IAF (Initial Approach Fix) for all approach procedures for all northern runways. This means, whether you land at 34L, 35R or 36 (when north config is active), you still use the same STAR procedure for all runways. You can find the STAR designator table on the next page.

Active Runway Configuration
North Configuration uses the following STAR identifiers.
Type STARs
Standard

(uses default PMS)

2A
Alternative*

(uses opposite PMS)

*not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs

2N
South Configuration uses the following STAR identifiers.
Type STARs
Standard

(uses default PMS)

2B
Alternative*

(uses opposite PMS)

*not applicable to RILEX STARs

2P

As Istanbul Airport utilizes multiple configurations depending on traffic, weather, congestion, NOTAMs etc. You might be cleared to a different STAR compared to another traffic that is flying exactly the same route as you. Default designators for northern config (34/35/36) is 2A and default designator for southern configuration (16/17/18) is 2B. These STARs keep the traffic arriving west to use the west PMS and traffic arriving from east to use the east PMS. 2N and 2P STARs are designed to ease the workload of a PMS, by making the traffic to use the opposite PMS (traffic arriving from west to use the east PMS or to enter PMS from north instead of south at different altitude e.g).

North Config

  • ATPIX 2A, ERSEN 2N and RIXEN 2N

    ATPIX 2A, ERSEN 2N and RIXEN 2N

  • ATPIX 2N

    ATPIX 2N

  • DRAMO 2A and INBET 2A

    DRAMO 2A and INBET 2A

  • ERSEN 2A and SISPI 2A

    ERSEN 2A and SISPI 2A

  • RILEX 2A and RIXEN 2A

    RILEX 2A and RIXEN 2A

  • RILEX 2N

    RILEX 2N

South Config

  • DRAMO 2B, 2P and INBET 2B, 2P

    DRAMO 2B, 2P and INBET 2B, 2P

  • ERSEN 2B and SISPI 2B

    ERSEN 2B and SISPI 2B

  • ERSEN 2P and SISPI 2P

    ERSEN 2P and SISPI 2P

  • RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B

    RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B

  • RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B

    RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B

Transitions and Approach Phase

ILS-X 35R Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)
ILS-Z Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)

As mentioned previously, Istanbul Airport utilizes Point-Merge System. Each PMS leads to last point of the STAR and the entry point of the approach transition . For northern config, IAF for west PMS is IMREN, for east config it is SADIK. For south config, IAF for west PMS is INSTA and for east PMS it is DIVDI. Flying the correct transition is crucial and must. Each pilot is responsible for selecting the correct transition. This transition is NOT a STAR transition but transition for the approach procedure. There are different approach procedures and each has different transition phase (both laterally and vertically), go around procedure and used differently to streamline the independent parallel approach procedure . As a pilot, you must make sure you have programmed your FMS using the correct approach procedure and transition. If ATC clears the traffic for ILS-X 35R via IMREN transition, it is pilot's responsibility to fly ILS-X approach via IMREN transition. Since transitions are a must as they play a crucial role in the independent parallel approach procedure, pilot's must fly the transition both laterally and vertically at all times. If the transition is not selected correctly in the aircraft's FMS, the plane will fly directly to FAF, skipping the transition completely. This is not allowed for approach procedure into Istanbul as each approach procedure and transition is very different than one another, both laterally and vertically. You can see an example of how ILS-X and ILS-Z transition differs from the pictures below (you can see they are both laterally and vertically different).

Ground Layout

Istanbul airport is on the list of biggest airports as per surface area, with staggering 76.5 million m2 of land area. The airport has 5 runways, 34L/16R, 34R/16L, 35L/17R, 35R/17L and 36/18. Between RWYs 34 and 35, the main MRO and cargo area can be found. Between RWY 35 and 36, main passenger terminal and the stands can be found. Most gates and stands utilize MARS (Multiple Aircraft Ramp System). This increases the efficiency and gate usage significantly. With the MARS system, one gate can be shared by either 2 small to medium aircraft or 1 heavy (widebody) aircraft. In Istanbul Airport, MARS system uses L (as left) and R (as right) abbreviations for medium/split gates. For instance B4 gate is used by either 1 heavy aircraft or 2 medium aircrafts use B4L (Gate B 4 Left) and B4R (Gate B 4 Right).

LTFM Aerodrome Chart

Aprons and Terminal

Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron

Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron

Passenger terminal at Istanbul Airport both house international and domestic traffic. The gates are split into piers and identifiers.

Terminal split showing international and domestic areas
Gates/Pier International Domestic
A Gates X
B Gates X
C Gates X
D Gates X
E Gates X
F Gates X* F1
G Gates X

C and E gates are only medium gates and are connected directly to the main building. A, B, C, D, F and G gates are located in their respective piers.

A Pier

A gates/pier is only for international flights. Gate A9 is the only gate that does not have MARS system. Gate A2 is only the one of the 2 gates that is equipped with third jetbridge, which is used for A380 flights.

B Pier

B gates/pier is used located in international area of the terminal and only international flights use these gates. Gates B1, B3, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B12 and B18 utilize MARS system. Gates B4, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17 are heavy gates. Gate B2 is only to be used by small to medium aircraft.

C Gates

C gates are located in the West Cul-de-Sac of the terminal complex and have only 4 gates. All gates (C1, C2, C3, C4) are to medium gates.

D Pier

D Pier is used heavily by long range flights due to being the most heavy gates. Out of 19 gates, only gates D1, D2, D3, D4 are medium gates. Rest of them are heavy only.

E Gates

Just like C gates, E gates have only gates (E1, E2, E3, E4). They are located in the East Cul-de-Sac.

F Pier

F pier has mix of gates and flights. Gate F2 is medium only whereas gates F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F12, F13 use MARS. Gates F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19 are heavy only gates. F1 gate uses MARS however is domestic only.

Apron 1 stands
G Pier

G pier is to be used only for domestic flights. Entire G pier utilizes MARS.

Apron 1

Apron 1 is located north of Terminal Area, situated between taxiways D and G. It contains 33 medium stands (100-132 and 149) and 16 MARS stands (133-148).

Apron 2 and 3

Apron 2 and 3 Stands

Apron 2 is situated south of A pier and Apron 3 is located south of G pier. Both aprons contain MARS and narrowbody-only stands. 2xx stands represent stands located in apron 2 and 3xx stands in apron 3. Stands 218, 219, 225 and 226 are used by Turkish Technic and should not be used. Stands 316, 317, 318, 319 is used only for VIP.

For Apron 2:

  • 200 - 214 -> Medium gates
  • 220 - 224 -> MARS
Cargo aprons and stands

For Apron 3:

  • 300 - 312 -> Medium gates
  • 313 - 315 -> MARS

Cargo and MRO Aprons

Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with K. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.

Pushback Procedures

Each gate/stand in Istanbul Airport has published standard and alternative pushback procedure. These procedures increase efficiency of the aprons, gates, ground movements and streamline the traffic flow through out the airport. You might see abbreviations such as PSN. There are "Pushback Positions" which act as point where aircraft should pushback to.

Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard
Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative
Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard

Southwest Area - A Pier

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
A2L thru

A2R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS8

(Be aware

of the ACFT

pushbacks

from stands

A2L, A2, B1

and B1R).

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A3L thru

A7R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A8L thru

A8R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North. TWY E5 will remain

clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A9 StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North, then pulled forward

until TWY E5 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

A10

A11

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel is at the PSN5 point.

E2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

PSN5

A10L, A10R

A11L, A11R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel

is at the PSN5 point.

Pushback Approved

PSN5

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face North and continue push until

TWY T2 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on E2 TWY

Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard
Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternative

Northwest Area - B Pier

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
B1L thru

B1R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS8

(Be aware

of the ACFT

pushbacks

from stands

A2L, A2, B1

and B1R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

B3L thru B3R

B5L thru B5R

B7L thru B7R

B9L thru B9R

B12L thru

B12R

B13

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

B14

B15

B16

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NW to face West.

The ACFT

pushing back

from stand

B14 facing East

should pull

forward until

T2 TWY is clear.

Pushback Approved

Face West

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NW to face East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative -2
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - Standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | West Cul-de-Sac Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
B10L thru

B10R

B17

B18L thru

B18R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing South.

Taxi out via TC TWY.

The ACFT

pushing back

from stand B17

should pull

forward until

NW TWY

is clear.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face

South shall use

TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

Face South

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

D13

D15

D17

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing North.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use

TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

D19 StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NW facing East and continue push until

TWY T3 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face East on NW

TWY

B4 StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel is at the PSN5 point.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

PSN1

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing South, then pulled forward until its nosewheel is at the PSN2 point on TWY T5 facing North.

Pushback Approved

PSN2

B6L thru

B6R

B8L thru

B8R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing South and continue push until

its nosewheel is at the PSN1 point.

Taxi out via TC TWY.

HS6

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B6R and

B8L).

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TC.

Pushback Approved

PSN1

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing North abeam stand B6, TWY

TC will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Abeam Stand B6

D7

D9

D11

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing North, then pulled forward

until its nosewheel is at the PSN2 point.

CAT D and E

ACFT pushing

back face South

shall use TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

PSN2

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing South and continue push until

abeam stand D11. Taxi out via TC TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Abeam Stand D11

B2

C3

C4

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T3 facing South. Taxi out via T5 TWY.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

Face South on T3 TWY

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing West abeam stand C2. Taxi out

via T3 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face West

C1

C2

D1

D3

D5

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing East abeam stand C3. Taxi out

via T5 TWY.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

Face East

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T5 facing South abeam stand D7. Taxi

out via T3 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T5 TWY

Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | East Cul-de-Sac Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
D12

D14

D16

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

D20 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NE facing West and continue push until

TWY T9 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face Wast on NE

TWY

F12L thru

F12R

F14

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

Face South

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

D6

D8

D10

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North, then pulled forward

until its nosewheel is at the PSN4 point.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

PSN4

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South and continue push until

abeam stand D10.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Abeam Stand D10

F4L thru

F4R

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until

its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).

Pushback Approved

PSN3

F4 AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South then pulled forward until

its nosewhell is at the PSN 4 on TWY T7 face North.

Pushback Approved

PSN4

F4L

F4R

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face East

D2

D4

E1

E2

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face West

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Abeam Stand F6

E3 StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T7 TWY

E4

F2

StandardThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

AlternateThe ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Taxi Procedures

Istanbul Airport is very big and might seem scary regarding all the taxiways and size however the pre-defined taxi procedures make it very easy for both pilots and ATC. This section outlines these procedures, taxi limits, speed limits and terminal area.

Terminal Area

Main terminal has predefined exits and routes. These predefined routes and directions help ease the traffic flow and ground movement in the airport. As it can be seen below from the picture, the

Diagram showing Terminal apron exits and directions, taxiways to be used.
  1. ↑ https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-comprehensive-aviation-assessment-archive-2022
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