Istanbul Airport: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Istanbul TWR.jpg|thumb|Istanbul Airport ATC Tower]]
Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) is the biggest airport in Turkiye. Located in north west of Istanbul, the airport is the busiest and biggest airport in Europe as per 2022 statistics of EuroControl<ref>https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-comprehensive-aviation-assessment-archive-2022</ref>. The airport has 5 runways, fuel farm, dedicated cargo area consisting of 5 apron (29 heavy stands), several warehouses and facilities (biggest one being Turkish Cargo followed by DHL and UPS), and is home to world's biggest airport terminal (under one roof).  
Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) is the biggest airport in Turkiye. Located in north west of Istanbul, the airport is the busiest and biggest airport in Europe as per 2022 statistics of EuroControl<ref>https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-comprehensive-aviation-assessment-archive-2022</ref>. The airport has 5 runways, fuel farm, dedicated cargo area consisting of 5 apron (29 heavy stands), several warehouses and facilities (biggest one being Turkish Cargo followed by DHL and UPS), and is home to world's biggest airport terminal (under one roof).  


The airport has not been completed. As of January 2023, only Phase 1a and 1b is finished. The final phase of the airport includes 8 runways, 2 terminals with 1 satellite terminal.   
The airport has not been completed. As of January 2023, only Phase 1a and 1b is finished. The final phase of the airport includes 8 runways, 2 terminals with 1 satellite terminal with up to 200 million passenger/year capacity.   
[[File:Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout.png|thumb|Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout]]
[[File:Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout.png|thumb|Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout]]


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|P3D v4/v5
|P3D v4/v5
|SceneryTR
|SceneryTR
|SceneryTR
|SimMarket
|https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-stanbul-airport-ltfm.phtml
|https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-stanbul-airport-ltfm.phtml
|-
|-
|X-Plane
|X-Plane 11
|SceneryTR
|SceneryTR/SimPort Team
|Aerosoft
|Aerosoft
|https://secure.simmarket.com/aerosoft-airport-istanbul-x-plane-11.phtml
|https://secure.simmarket.com/aerosoft-airport-istanbul-x-plane-11.phtml
|-
|-
|MSFS 2020
|Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020
|SceneryTR
|SceneryTR
|SceneryTR
|SimMarket
|Can be bought from MarketPlace
|Can be bought from MarketPlace
OR
OR
Line 33: Line 34:


=== Freeware ===
=== Freeware ===
[[File:FlightSimulator 2023-01-11 17-09-58.png|thumb|SceneryTR - Istanbul Airport in Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020]]
There are also freeware options available for Istanbul Airport. However there is significant difference in quality.
There are also freeware options available for Istanbul Airport. However there is significant difference in quality.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 41: Line 43:
|-
|-
|FSX/P3D
|FSX/P3D
|Hakan Daghan, Kamil Uzun, Erman Gokman Pilicoglu, Muhtesem Firtina Ozcinar
|Hakan Dağhan, Kamil Uzun, Erman Gökman Piliçoğlu, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar
|Turkish Virtual
|Turkish Virtual
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|-
|-
|X-Plane
|X-Plane 11
|Mali Oguducu, Hayri Buberci, Kamil Uzun, Muhtesem Firtina Ozcinar
|Mali Öğüdücü, Hayri Büberci, Kamil Uzun, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar
|Turkish Virtual
|Turkish Virtual
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|-
|-
|MSFS 2020
|Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020
|Hayri Buberci, Mali Oguducu, Kamil UZUN, M Firtina Ozcinar
|Hayri Büberci, Mali Öğüdücü, Kamil Uzun, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar
|Turkish Virtual
|Turkish Virtual
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
|}
|}
== Preferential Runway System (PRS) ==
The term “Preferential RWY System (PRS)” shall be used to indicate the runway that, at a particular time, is considered by the ATC unit to be the most suitable for use by the aircraft expected to land at or take-off from the aerodrome, by taking into consideration aircraft performance, surface wind speed and its components. PRS Operations contribute to the optimum use of airspace and aerodrome capacity.<blockquote><big>The Preferential Runways in Istanbul Airport (LTFM) are north configuration runways (34L/R & 35L/R & 36)</big></blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
!RWYCC (Runway Condition Code)
!Tail Wind Component (max)
|-
|RWYCC 6/6/6
(dry, maximum braking)
|10 KT (included)
|-
|When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each runway third
(worse than dry, low braking
|5 KT (included)
|}
# In the PRS operations, the above wind criteria depending on the runway surface condition shall be applied.
# During the PRS operations, ATC unit takes into account the ground wind, traffic situation, local meteorological conditions, environmental restrictions, technical infrastructure, noise abatement, etc.
# PRS operations will not be available under the following circumstances:
#* The instrument approach/departure procedures available for the preferred RWY(s) are not convenient for landing and/ or take-off operations under the existing meteorological conditions
#* When the preferred RWY(s) are '''dry''' (RWYCC<ref>Runway Condition Code</ref> 6/6/6), '''the tail wind component is greater than 10 Kt''',
#* When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each the preferred RWY(s) third, the tail wind component is greater than 5 Kt,
#* When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each the preferred RWY(s) third, there is a NOTAM/equivalent information (which may be included in the RCR) stating that the runway is slippery, ATIS announcement when PRS Operations are in progress shall be; “Preferential Runway Operations are in Progress”.
#* RWYCC is reported 4 or less any each the preferred RWY(s) third,
#* Meteorological conditions such as heavy rainfall, thunderstorm or wind-shear has been reported on the approach or climb path of the preferred RWY(s),
#* Low visibility operations are in progress.
# ATIS announcement when PRS Operations are in progress shall be; “Preferential Runway Operations are in Progress”.
# Pilots unable to comply with PRS Operations shall notify the relevant ATC unit at the time of requesting start-up clearance, at the first contact or 20 minutes in advance of the ETA (which is earlier).


== Arrival Procedures ==
== Arrival Procedures ==
Istanbul Airport is located within Yesilkoy TMA (Terminal Manoeuvring Area). Yesilkoy TMA covers Istanbul Airport (LTFM), Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ), Ataturk Airport (LTBA), Samandira Airbase (LTBX), Corlu Ataturk Airport (LTBU), Hezarfen Municipal Airport (LTBW), Cengiz Topel Airport (LTBQ), Canakkale Airport (LTBH), Bursa Yunuseli Airport (LTBE) and Bursa Yenisehir Airport (LTBQ).


Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (''Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1'') capability is required. If unable, pilot '''must''' inform the controller so that aircraft can be given radar vectors to final. Arrival into Istanbul Airport might seem complicated to some pilots however it is actually very simple. LTFM STARs utilize PMS (Point Merge System) for efficient airspace control, separation, and to control traffic flow within Yesilkoy TMA. All STARs utilize idle descent philosophy until PMS entry. These point merge systems act as an arc of a circle and ease air traffic control.
=== Introduction ===
Istanbul Airport is located within Istanbul TMA (Terminal Manoeuvring Area). Istanbul TMA covers Istanbul Airport (LTFM), Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ), Ataturk Airport (LTBA), Samandira Airbase (LTBX), Corlu Ataturk Airport (LTBU), Hezarfen Municipal Airport (LTBW), Cengiz Topel Airport (LTBQ), Bursa Yunuseli Airport (LTBE) and Bursa Yenisehir Airport (LTBR). There are several more airports within the TMA however they are so small and not known that they are never used in VATSIM.
 
Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its STAR procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (''Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1'') capability is required. If unable, pilot '''must''' inform the controller so that aircraft can be given radar vectors to final. Arrival into Istanbul Airport might seem complicated to some pilots however it is actually very simple. LTFM STARs utilize PMS (Point Merge System) for efficient airspace control, separation, and to control traffic flow within Yesilkoy TMA. All STARs utilize idle descent philosophy until PMS entry. These point merge systems act as an arc of a circle and ease air traffic control.
 
Important things to keep in mind:
 
* Vacating aircraft has priority at the intersection of the parallel taxiway. Which means, if you are vacating a RWY using rapid exit, the traffic on G, for example, should stop for you.
* After the runway is vacated, '''do not report vacated''' to TWR* and '''DO NOT STOP''' on rapid-exit taxiways.
* For runway 34L/16R, after landing cross 34R/16L, then join taxiway A to the south direction and contact GND.
* For runway 35R/17L, vacate to the C taxiway then contact GND without stopping.
* For runway 36/18, traffics should '''not''' vacate via G11 and G12 taxiways. Instead, pilots should use the rapid exit taxiways to G taxiway then contact GND.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''unless LVP is in progress. Check next section for more details.''
 
=== Low Visibility Procedure ===
When LVP are in progress, every traffic '''must''' report "'''''Vacated'''''" to the TWR, as verbal confirmation from the traffic is mandatory and for the TWR to know the runway is available for the next traffic.


=== STARs ===
=== STARs ===
Line 66: Line 110:
!Active Runway Configuration
!Active Runway Configuration
|-
|-
|''North'' Configuration uses the following STAR identifiers.
!North Config
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Type
!Type
Line 72: Line 118:
|-
|-
|Standard
|Standard
(uses default PMS)
(uses default Arc)
|2A
|2A
|-
|-
|Alternative*
|Alternative*
(uses opposite PMS)
(uses opposite Arc)  


<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs''
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs''
|2N
|2N
|}
|-
|-
|''South'' Configuration uses the following STAR identifiers.
|Alternative*
(uses same Arc as 2A (if original Arc is West, still uses the West Arc) but from opposite entry)
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs''
|2Q
|}<nowiki>*</nowiki>Alternative: Only used by ATC.
|-
!South Config
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Type
!Type
Line 88: Line 142:
|-
|-
|Standard
|Standard
(uses default PMS)
(uses default Arc)
|2B
|2B
|-
|-
|Alternative*
|Alternative*
(uses opposite PMS)  
(uses opposite Arc)  


<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to RILEX STARs''
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to RILEX STARs''
|2P
|2P
|}
|-
|Alternative*
(uses same Arc as 2B (if original Arc is West, still uses the West Arc) but from opposite entry)
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''not applicable to RILEX, RIXEN, SISPI STARs''
|2R
|}<nowiki>*</nowiki>Alternative: Only used by ATC.
|}
|}
As Istanbul Airport utilizes multiple configurations depending on traffic, weather, congestion, NOTAMs etc. You might be cleared to a different STAR compared to another traffic that is flying exactly the same route as you. Default designators for northern config (34/35/36) is 2A and default designator for southern configuration (16/17/18) is 2B. These STARs keep the traffic arriving west to use the west PMS and traffic arriving from east to use the east PMS. 2N and 2P STARs are designed to ease the workload of a PMS, by making the traffic to use the opposite PMS (traffic arriving from west to use the east PMS or to enter PMS from north instead of south at different altitude e.g).
As Istanbul Airport utilizes multiple configurations depending on traffic, weather, congestion, NOTAMs etc. You might be cleared to a different STAR compared to another traffic that is flying exactly the same route as you. Default designators for northern config (34/35/36) is 2A and default designator for southern configuration (16/17/18) is 2B. These STARs keep the traffic arriving west to use the west PMS and traffic arriving from east to use the east PMS. 2N and 2P STARs are designed to ease the workload of a PMS, by making the traffic to use the opposite PMS (traffic arriving from west to use the east PMS or to enter PMS from north instead of south at different altitude e.g).
Line 117: Line 177:
File:RILEX RIXEN2B.png|RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B
File:RILEX RIXEN2B.png|RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B
File:RIXEN2P ATPIX2B.png|RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B
File:RIXEN2P ATPIX2B.png|RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B
</gallery>
</gallery>[[File:Image.png|thumb|ILS-X 35R Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)|335x335px]]
 
=== Transitions and Approach Phase ===
=== Transitions and Approach Phase ===
As mentioned previously, Istanbul Airport utilizes Point-Merge System. Each PMS leads to last point of the STAR and '''the entry point of the approach transition''' . For northern config, IAF for west PMS is ''IMREN'', for east config it is ''SADIK''. For south config, IAF for west PMS is ''INSTA'' and for east PMS it is ''DIVDI''. '''Flying the correct transition is crucial and must'''. Each pilot is responsible for selecting the correct transition. This transition is '''NOT a STAR''' transition but transition for the approach procedure. There are different approach procedures and each has different transition phase (both laterally and vertically), go around procedure and used differently to streamline the independent parallel approach procedure . As a pilot, you must make sure you have programmed your FMS using the correct approach procedure and transition. '''If ATC clears the traffic for ILS-X 35R via IMREN transition, it is pilot's responsibility to fly ILS-X approach via IMREN transition'''. Since transitions are a must as they play a crucial role in the independent parallel approach procedure, pilot's must fly the transition both laterally and vertically at all times. If the transition is not selected correctly in the aircraft's FMS, the plane will fly directly to FAF, skipping the transition completely. This is not allowed for approach procedure into Istanbul as each approach procedure and transition is very different than one another, both laterally and vertically. You can see an example of how ILS-X and ILS-Z transition differs from the pictures below (you can see they are both laterally and vertically different).
As mentioned previously, Istanbul Airport utilizes Point-Merge System. Each PMS leads to last point of the STAR and '''the entry point of the approach transition'''. For northern config, IAF for west PMS is ''IMREN'', for east config it is ''SADIK''. For south config, IAF for west PMS is ''INSTA'' and for east PMS it is ''DIVDI''. '''Flying the correct transition is crucial and must'''. Each pilot is responsible for selecting the correct transition. This transition is '''NOT a STAR''' transition but transition for the approach procedure. There are different approach procedures and each has different transition phase (both laterally and vertically), go around procedure and used differently to streamline the independent parallel approach procedure . As a pilot, you must make sure you have programmed your FMS using the correct approach procedure and transition. '''Each pilot is responsible for selecting and flying the correct transition whether ATC is online or not.''' Since transitions are a must as they play a crucial role in the independent parallel approach procedure, pilot's must fly the transition both laterally and vertically at all times. If the transition is not selected correctly in the aircraft's FMS, the plane will fly directly to FAF, skipping the transition completely. This is not allowed for approach procedure into Istanbul as each approach procedure and transition is very different than one another, both laterally and vertically. You can see an example of how ILS-X and ILS-Z transition differs from the pictures (you can see they are both laterally and vertically different).[[File:ILS-Z 35R TRANSITION2.png|thumb|ILS-Z Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)|335x335px]]
 
''[insert transition comparison picture here]''
 
== Ground Layout ==
== Ground Layout ==
Istanbul airport is on the list of biggest airports as per surface area, with staggering 76.5 million m<sup>2</sup> of land area. The airport has 5 runways, 34L/16R, 34R/16L, 35L/17R, 35R/17L and 36/18. Between RWYs 34 and 35, the main MRO and cargo area can be found. Between RWY 35 and 36, main passenger terminal and the stands can be found. Most gates and stands utilize MARS (Multiple Aircraft Ramp System). This increases the efficiency and gate usage significantly. With the MARS system, one gate can be shared by either 2 small to medium aircraft or 1 heavy (widebody) aircraft. In Istanbul Airport, MARS system uses L (as left) and R (as right) abbreviations for medium/split gates. For instance B4 gate is used by either 1 heavy aircraft or 2 medium aircrafts use B4L (Gate B 4 Left) and B4R (Gate B 4 Right).
Istanbul airport is on the list of biggest airports as per surface area, with staggering 76.5 million m<sup>2</sup> of land area. The airport has 5 runways, 34L/16R, 34R/16L, 35L/17R, 35R/17L and 36/18. Between RWYs 34 and 35, the main MRO and cargo area can be found. Between RWY 35 and 36, main passenger terminal and the stands can be found. Most gates and stands utilize MARS (Multiple Aircraft Ramp System). This increases the efficiency and gate usage significantly. With the MARS system, one gate can be shared by either 2 small to medium aircraft or 1 heavy (widebody) aircraft. In Istanbul Airport, MARS system uses L (as left) and R (as right) abbreviations for medium/split gates. For instance B4 gate is used by either 1 heavy aircraft or 2 medium aircrafts use B4L (Gate B 4 Left) and B4R (Gate B 4 Right).
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM ADC en 2022-08-11.png|center|thumb|900x900px|LTFM Aerodrome Chart]]


=== Aprons and Terminal ===
=== Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron ===
 
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM PRKG 01 en 2022-08-11.png|thumb|Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron]]Passenger terminal at Istanbul Airport both house international and domestic traffic. The gates are split into piers and identifiers.  
==== Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron ====
[[File:IST airport terminal layout departures.png|thumb|Terminal split showing international and domestic areas]]
Passenger terminal at Istanbul Airport both house international and domestic traffic. The gates are split into piers and identifiers.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Gates/Pier
!Gates/Pier
Line 157: Line 213:
|-
|-
|<big>F</big> Gates
|<big>F</big> Gates
|X*
|X
|F1
|
|-
|-
|<big>G</big> Gates
|<big>G</big> Gates
Line 166: Line 222:
C and E gates are only medium gates and are connected directly to the main building. A, B, C, D, F and G gates are located in their respective piers.  
C and E gates are only medium gates and are connected directly to the main building. A, B, C, D, F and G gates are located in their respective piers.  


===== A Pier =====
==== A Pier ====
A gates/pier is only for international flights. Gate A9 is the only gate that does not have MARS system. Gate A2 is only the one of the 2 gates that is equipped with third jetbridge, which is used for A380 flights.
A gates/pier is only for international flights. Gate A9 is the only gate that does not have MARS system. Gate A2 is only the one of the 2 gates that is equipped with third jetbridge, which is used for A380 flights.


===== B Pier =====
==== B Pier ====
B gates/pier is used located in international area of the terminal and only international flights use these gates. Gates B1, B3, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B12 and B18 utilize MARS system. Gates B4, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17 are heavy gates. Gate B2 is only to be used by small to medium aircraft.
B gates/pier is used located in international area of the terminal and only international flights use these gates. Gates B1, B3, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B12 and B18 utilize MARS system. Gates B4, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17 are heavy gates. Gate B2 is only to be used by small to medium aircraft.


===== C Gates =====
==== C Gates ====
C gates are located in the West Cul-de-Sac of the terminal complex and have only 4 gates. All gates (C1, C2, C3, C4) are to medium gates.
C gates are located in the West Cul-de-Sac of the terminal complex and have only 4 gates. All gates (C1, C2, C3, C4) are to medium gates.


===== D Pier =====
==== D Pier ====
D Pier is used heavily by long range flights due to being the most heavy gates. Out of 19 gates, only gates D1, D2, D3, D4 are medium gates. Rest of them are heavy only.  
D Pier is used heavily by long range flights due to being the most heavy gates. Out of 19 gates, only gates D1, D2, D3, D4 are medium gates. Rest of them are heavy only.  


===== E Gates =====
==== E Gates ====
Just like C gates, E gates have only gates (E1, E2, E3, E4). They are located in the East Cul-de-Sac.
Just like C gates, E gates have only gates (E1, E2, E3, E4). They are located in the East Cul-de-Sac.


===== F Pier =====
==== F Pier ====
F pier has mix of gates and flights. Gate F2 is medium only whereas gates F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F12, F13 use MARS. Gates F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19 are heavy only gates. F1 gate uses MARS however is domestic only.
F pier has mix of gates and flights. Gate F2 is medium only whereas gates F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F12, F13 use MARS. Gates F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19 are heavy only gates. F1 gate uses MARS however is domestic only.[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM PRKG 02 en 2022-08-11.png|thumb|Apron 1 stands]]


===== G Pier =====
==== G Pier ====
G pier is to be used only for domestic flights. Entire G pier utilizes MARS.
G pier is to be used only for domestic flights. Entire G pier utilizes MARS.


==== Apron 1 ====
=== Apron 1 ===
Apron 1 is located north of Terminal Area, situated between taxiways D and G. It contains 33 medium stands (100-132 and 149) and 16 MARS stands (133-148).
Apron 1 is located north of Terminal Area, situated between taxiways D and G. It contains 33 medium stands (100-132 and 149) and 16 MARS stands (133-148).


==== Apron 2 and 3 ====
=== Apron 2 and 3 ===
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM PRKG 03 en 2022-08-11.png|thumb|Apron 2 and 3 Stands]]
Apron 2 is situated south of A pier and Apron 3 is located south of G pier. Both aprons contain MARS and narrowbody-only stands. 2xx stands represent stands located in apron 2 and 3xx stands in apron 3. Stands 218, 219, 225 and 226 are used by Turkish Technic and should not be used. Stands 316, 317, 318, 319 is used only for VIP.
Apron 2 is situated south of A pier and Apron 3 is located south of G pier. Both aprons contain MARS and narrowbody-only stands. 2xx stands represent stands located in apron 2 and 3xx stands in apron 3. Stands 218, 219, 225 and 226 are used by Turkish Technic and should not be used. Stands 316, 317, 318, 319 is used only for VIP.


Line 197: Line 254:
* 200 - 214 -> Medium gates
* 200 - 214 -> Medium gates
* 220 - 224 -> MARS
* 220 - 224 -> MARS
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM PRKG 04 en 2022-08-11.png|thumb|Cargo aprons and stands]]


''For Apron 3:''
''For Apron 3:''
Line 203: Line 261:
* 313 - 315 -> MARS
* 313 - 315 -> MARS


==== Cargo and MRO Aprons ====
=== Cargo and MRO Aprons ===
Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with '''K'''. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.
Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with '''K'''. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.
== Pushback Procedures ==
Each gate/stand in Istanbul Airport has published standard and alternative pushback procedure. These procedures increase efficiency of the aprons, gates, ground movements and streamline the traffic flow through out the airport. You might see abbreviations such as '''PSN'''. There are "Pushback Positions" which act as point where aircraft should pushback to.
[[File:Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard]]
[[File:Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative]]
[[File:Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard]]
=== Southwest Area | A Pier ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A2L thru'''
'''A2R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS8
(Be aware
of the ACFT
pushbacks
from stands
A2L, A2, B1
and B1R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A3L thru'''
'''A7R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A8L thru'''
'''A8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North. TWY E5 will remain
clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A9'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North, then pulled forward
until TWY E5 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''A10'''
'''A11'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel is at the
PSN5 point.
|E2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN5'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''A10L, A10R'''
'''A11L, A11R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel
is at the PSN5 point.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN5'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face North and continue push until
TWY T2 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''on E2 TWY'''
|}
[[File:Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternate]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | Northwest Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B1L thru'''
'''B1R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS8
(Be aware
of the ACFT
pushbacks
from stands
A2L, A2, B1
and B1R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until
TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B3L thru B3R'''
'''B5L thru B5R'''
'''B7L thru B7R'''
'''B9L thru B9R'''
'''B12L thru'''
'''B12R'''
'''B13'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T2 to face North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B14'''
'''B15'''
'''B16'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NW to face West.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushing back
from stand
B14 facing East
should pull
forward until
T2 TWY is clear.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NW to face East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west Cul-De-Sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative2.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative -2]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west Cul-De-Sac - C gates - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - Standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | West Cul-de-Sac Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B10L thru'''
'''B10R'''
'''B17'''
'''B18L thru'''
'''B18R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South.
Taxi out via TC TWY.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushing back
from stand B17
should pull
forward until
NW TWY
is clear.
CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face
South shall use
TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D13'''
'''D15'''
'''D17'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use
TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D19'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY NW facing East and
continue push until TWY T3 will remain clear of
ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East on NW'''
'''TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B4'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South
and continue push until its
nosewheel is at PSN1 point.
Taxi out via TC TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN1'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South, then
pulled forward until its nosewheel is at the PSN2
point on TWY T5 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN2'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B6L thru'''
'''B6R'''
'''B8L thru'''
'''B8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South and
continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN1
point.Taxi out via TC TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS6
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B6R and
B8L).
CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN1'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing North abeam
stand B6, TWY TC will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''Abeam Stand B6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D7'''
'''D9'''
'''D11'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North, then
pulled forward until its nosewheel is at the PSN2
point.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFT pushing
back face South
shall use TWY TC.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN2'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South and
continue push until abeam stand D11.
Taxi out via TC TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''Abeam Stand D11'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''B2'''
'''C3'''
'''C4'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South.
Taxi out via T5 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South''' '''on T3 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY facing West abeam
stand C2. Taxi out via T3 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''C1'''
'''C2'''
'''D1'''
'''D3'''
'''D5'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY facing East abeam
stand C3. Taxi out via T5 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS4
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands B2, B4,
C1, C2, C3, C4,
D1, D3 and D5).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the
pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South abeam
stand D7. Taxi out via T3 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T5 TWY'''
|}
[[File:Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard.png|thumb|Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard]]
[[File:Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative2.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | East Cul-de-Sac Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D12'''
'''D14'''
'''D16'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D20'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback line
onto TWY NE facing West and continue push until
TWY T9 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face Wast on NE'''
'''TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F12L thru'''
'''F12R'''
'''F14'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D6'''
'''D8'''
'''D10'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing North, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN4 point.
| rowspan="2" |CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN4'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South and continue push until
abeam stand D10.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''Abeam Stand D10'''
|-
|'''F4L thru'''
'''F4R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until
its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.
| rowspan="3" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN3'''
|-
|'''F4'''
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South then pulled forward until
its nosewhell is at the PSN 4 on TWY T7 face North.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN4'''
|-
|'''F4L'''
'''F4R'''
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F6L thru'''
'''F6R'''
'''F8L thru'''
'''F8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.
| rowspan="2" |HS7
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands F6L and
F8R)
CAT D and E
ACFTs pushing
back face South
shall use TWY
TD.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN3'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing North, then pulled forward until abeam stand F6.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''Abeam Stand F6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D2'''
'''D4'''
'''E1'''
'''E2'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T7 TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E3'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T7 TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E4'''
'''F2'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron F Pier STD.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for F pier - standard]]
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron F Pier ALT.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for F Pier - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | Northeast area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F1L thru'''
'''F1R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS9
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands F1L, F1
and G2, G2R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F3L thru F3R'''
'''F5L thru F5R'''
'''F7L thru F7R'''
'''F9L thru F9R'''
'''F13L thru'''
'''F13R'''
'''F18'''
'''F19'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''F15'''
'''F16'''
'''F17'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NE facing West.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushing back
from Stand F15
should pull
forward until
T9 TWY is clear.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY NE facing East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G2L thru'''
'''G2R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS9
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands F1L, F1
and G2, G2R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G4L thru'''
'''G8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''D2'''
'''D4'''
'''E1'''
'''E2'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
'''Abeam Stand F6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E3'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T7 TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''E4'''
'''F2'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4
Taxi out via T7 TWY.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4
and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on T9 TWY'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback line
onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.
Taxi out via T9 TWY.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron G Pier STD.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for G pier - standard]]
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron G Pier ALT.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for G pier - alternative]]
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron G Pier2 STD.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for G9, G10, G11 gates - STD]]
[[File:Terminal Contact Apron G Pier2 ALT.png|thumb|Pushback procedures for gates G9, G10, G11 - alternative]]
=== Terminal Contact Apron | Southeast Area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G2L thru'''
'''G2R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
| rowspan="2" |HS9
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands F1L, F1
and G2, G2R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until
TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G4L thru'''
'''G8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G9L thru'''
'''G9R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY F1 facing North and continue push until
its nosewheel is at the PSN10 point.
| rowspan="2" |F2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN10'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing West and continue push until
its nosewheel is at the PSN6 point facing South.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G10L thru'''
'''G11R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing West then following
the pushback line onto TWY F1 facing North
and continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN10 point.
| rowspan="2" |F2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN10'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing West and continue push
until its nosewheel is at the PSN6 point facing
South.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN6'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''G4L thru'''
'''G8R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |HS5
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands D2, D4,
E1, E2, E3, E4,
F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY T11 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|}
=== Apron 1 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''100 thru'''
'''109'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing East.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''110 thru'''
'''121'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing West.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''122 thru'''
'''131'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing West.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N6 facing East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''132 thru'''
'''137R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing East.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushes on
a live TWY that
may delay other
taxiing ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''138L thru'''
'''143R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing East.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushes on
a live TWY that
may delay other
taxiing ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''144L thru'''
'''149'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing West.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushes on
a live TWY that
may delay other
taxiing ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|}
=== Apron 2 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''200 thru'''
'''207'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''215L thru'''
'''217R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''220L thru'''
'''220R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East.
| rowspan="2" |HS10
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands 214 and
220).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E3 to face South and continue push until
D TWY is clear.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
'''on E3 TWY'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''221L thru'''
'''221R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East.
| rowspan="2" |E2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY N5 facing West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''222L thru'''
'''222R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''223L thru'''
'''223R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East, then pulled forward
until abeam stand 223.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''224L thru'''
'''224R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face South.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face West.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''208 thru'''
'''212'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face North.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''213, 214'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East.
| rowspan="2" |HS10
(Be aware of
the ACFT
pushbacks from
stands 214
and 220).
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY E2 to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''218L thru'''
'''218R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face North, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN7 point.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN7'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face South, then pulled forward
until TWY E1 will remain clear of ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''219L thru'''
'''219R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face North, then pulled forward
until its nosewheel is at the PSN7 point.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN7'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face South.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|}
=== Apron 3 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''300 thru'''
'''312'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY F2 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |Alternate
pushback
is not suitable
for stands 311
and 312.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY F2 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''313L thru'''
'''315R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY F1 facing South.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFTs
pushing back
from stands
313L thru 313R
should pull
forward until
TWY T11
is clear.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY F1 facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
|'''316L thru'''
'''317R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY D to face East.
|F2 TWY
is CAT C.
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN8'''
|-
|'''318L thru'''
'''319R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY G facing South and continue push
until its nosewheel is at the PSN9 point facing East
on G1 TWY.
|
|Pushback Approved
'''PSN9'''
|}
=== Cargo Aprons 1 Thru 5 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Stand
!Pushback Procedure
!Caution
!Phraseology
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''K1L thru'''
'''K9R'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY A4 facing West.
| rowspan="2" |
|Pushback Approved
'''Face West'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY A4 facing East.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face East'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''K10 thru'''
'''K21'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY B facing South.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushes on
a live TWY that
may delay other
taxiing ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY B facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''K50 thru K57'''
|'''Standard'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY A facing South.
| rowspan="2" |The ACFT
pushes on
a live TWY that
may delay other
taxiing ACFT.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face South'''
|-
|'''Alternate'''
The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback
line onto TWY A facing North.
|Pushback Approved
'''Face North'''
|}


== Taxi Procedures ==
== Taxi Procedures ==
Istanbul Airport is very big and might seem scary regarding all the taxiways and size however the pre-defined taxi procedures make it very easy for both pilots and ATC. This section outlines these procedures, taxi limits, speed limits and terminal area.
=== Terminal Area ===
Main terminal has predefined exits and routes. These predefined routes and directions help ease the traffic flow and ground movement in the airport as it can be seen below from the picture.
[[File:LTFM Terminal Exits.png|center|thumb|700x700px|Diagram showing Terminal apron exits and directions, taxiways to be used.]]
=== Taxi Routes ===
Istanbul airport is a big airport. There are 12 ground sectors and with around 1,300 flights every day, ground frequencies get very congested. In addition, giving taxi instructions one by one to each aircraft increases the workload for air traffic controllers and creates more congestion in the frequency. To fix this problem, Istanbul Airport utilizes "Taxi Routes". These taxi routes are pre-defined, published (available in ALL charts) procedures to lower the workload of controllers and reduce clutter in the frequency. Example:
A traffic (''THY123'') is pushing back from F12L would pushback facing south as per standard pushback procedure. Let's say the departure runway is 35L. The conversation on for the frequency would be in below fashion if old system was used:<blockquote>''THY123'': Istanbul ground, Turkish 123 requesting taxi.
''ATC'': Turkish 123, taxi to holding point B4A, via TD, T7, N2, D, B.
''THY123'': Taxi to holding point B4A via TD, T7, N2, D, B.</blockquote>The issue with this phraseology is that, first of all, it's very long. In an airport with 1,300/day traffic movement, this kind of phraseology would block the traffic. Moreover, if traffic or ATC make a mistake such as mispronouncing one letter or if traffic doesn't understand the taxi instructions, readback the instructions wrong, both ATC and pilot will further continue this conversation. This will create even more congestion and the frequency will be blocked. Let's look at the following example:<blockquote>''THY123'': Istanbul ground, Turkish 123 requesting taxi.
''ATC'': Turkish 123, taxi via TD, T7, DEPARTURE 2A.
''THY123:'' Taxi via TD, T7, DEPARTURE 2A.</blockquote>As it can be seen from the example, it's very easy and straightforward for everyone involved in this conversation. The instructions are precise and since these procedures are published in the charts, can be updated anytime by DHMI.
Taxi route system uses the following designators which makes it easier to understand.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Designator
!Runway
|-
| -1*
|34L/16R
|-
| -2*
|35L/17R, 35R/17L
|-
| -3*
|36/18
|}
As it can be seen, -1* routes are for runways 34L/16R, -2* routes are for 35/17 runways (L/R) and -3* routes are for 36/18 runway. The different colors on the charts represent the taxi speed for that taxiway. Next section shows the taxi speeds for the airport.
==== Arrival Taxi Routes ====
===== ARR 1A =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 34L
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|1A
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 34L shall cross 34R and use taxiways A, A3, E1, D3, E, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|-
! colspan="2" |RWY 16R
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|1A
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 16R, shall cross 16L and use taxiways A, A3, E1, D3, E, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|}
<gallery widths="480" heights="666" style="text-align:center">
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 01 en 2022-03-24.png|RWY 34L
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 02 en 2022-03-24.png|RWY 16R
</gallery>
===== ARR 2A, ARR 2B, ARR 2C, ARR 2D, ARR 2E =====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |RWY 35L
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|2A
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways, C, N5, T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
|-
|2B
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
|-
|2C
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|-
|2D
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N1, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway.
|-
|2E
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|-
! colspan="2" |RWY 17L
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|2A
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5 and T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
|-
|2B
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5 and T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
|-
|2C
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|-
|2D
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N1, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway.
|-
|2E
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
|}
<gallery widths="460" heights="688" style="text-align:center">
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 03 en 2022-03-24.png|RWY 35R
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 04 en 2022-04-21.png|RWY 17L
</gallery>
===== ARR 3A, ARR 3B, ARR 3C, ARR 3D =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 36
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|3A
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4 and T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway
|-
|3B
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4 and T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway
|-
|3C
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
|-
|3D
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway
|}[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 05 en 2022-03-24.png|thumb|567x567px|Arrival taxi routes for RWY 36|center]]
===== ARR 3F, ARR 3G, ARR 3H =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 18
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|3F
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiways G, N2, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway
|-
|3G
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiways G and N4 and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
|-
|3H
|Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiway F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
|}
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 06 en 2022-03-24.png|center|thumb|652x652px|Arrival taxi routes ARR 3F, ARR 3G, ARR 3H for RWY 18]]
==== Departure Taxi Routes ====
===== DEP 1A =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 34L
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|1A
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B, E1D, A1 and A1B taxiways and hold short of RWY 34R
|}
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 07 en 2022-03-24.png|center|thumb|626x626px|DEP 1A taxi route for RWY 34L]]
===== DEP 1F =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 16R
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|1F
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B, A7, A and A10B taxiways and hold short of RWY 16L
|}
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 08 en 2022-03-24.png|center|thumb|625x625px|DEP 1F taxi route for RWY 16R]]
===== DEP 2A, DEP 2B, DEP 2C =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 35L
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|2A
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B and B4A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35L
|-
|2B
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, C and C5A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35R
|-
|2C
|Departure traffic shall use E, D8, C1B and C1A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35R
|}
<gallery widths="480" heights="665" style="text-align:center">
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 09 en 2022-03-24.png|DEP 2A and DEP 2B
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 11 en 2022-03-24.png|DEP 2B and DEP 2C
</gallery>
===== DEP 2F, DEP 2G, DEP 2H =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 17R
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|2F
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B and B9A taxiways and hold short of RWY 17R
|-
|2G
|Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, C7B, C and C11 taxiways and hold short of RWY 17L
|-
|2H
|Departure traffic shall use E, NW, D, C7B, C and C11 taxiways and hold short of RWY 17L
|}
<gallery widths="480" heights="665" style="text-align:center">
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 10 en 2022-03-24.png|DEP 2F and DEP 2G
File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 12 en 2022-03-24.png|DEP 2G and DEP 2H
</gallery>
===== DEP 3A, DEP 3B =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 36
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|3A
|Departure traffic shall use E1, D3, E, N1, G and G7A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
|-
|3B
|Departure traffic shall use G and G6A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
|}
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 13 en 2022-03-24.png|center|thumb|624x624px|DEP 3A and DEP 3B]]
===== DEP 3F, DEP 3G =====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |RWY 18
|-
!Procedure
!Description
|-
|3F
|Departure traffic shall use E1, D3, E, N1, G and G7A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
|-
|3G
|Departure traffic shall use G and G6A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
|}
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM GMC 14 en 2022-03-24.png|center|thumb|625x625px|DEP 3F and DEP 3G]]
=== Taxi Speeds ===
Taxi speeds in Istanbul are determined based on the taxiway length, width, PCN and it's purpose. Pilots should always obey speed rules and follow the instructions. The ATC might warn the pilot if they are going faster than the allowed speed for that taxiway. In addition, under LVP (Low Visibility Procedures) conditions, it is up to the pilot in command to manage the speed and spacing between other ground traffic.[[File:Taxi Speeds.png|thumb|639x639px|center|Chart showing taxi speed limits in LTFM]]
[[File:LTFM GND SECTOR LAYOUT.png|thumb|622x622px|Chart showing the layout and coverage of the sectors and their subsectors]]
=== Ground and Tower Sector Layout ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sector
!Coverage Area
!Frequency
|-
! colspan="3" |Delivery
|-
|LTFM_DEL
|Entire airport
|121.700
|-
! colspan="3" |Ground
|-
|LTFM_GND
|Entire airport*
|124.725
|-
|LTFM_W_GND
|West half of the airport (if the airport was split in half)
|126.825
|-
|LTFM_E_GND
|East half of the airport (if the airport was split in half)
|126.925
|-
|LTFM_T_GND
|Terminal Contact Apron
|121.575
|-
|LTFM_TW_GND
|West half of Terminal Contact Apron
|124.925
|-
|LTFM_TE_GND
|East half of Terminal Contact Apron
|129.625
|-
! colspan="3" |Tower
|-
|LTFM_TWR
|All runways if sub-tower sectors are offline
|130.625
|-
|LTFM_1_TWR
|RWYs 34L/16R and 34R/16L
|131.100
|-
|LTFM_3_TWR
|RWYs 35L/17R and 35R/17L
|122.700
|-
|LTFM_5_TWR
|RWY 36/18
|119.025
|}
== Departure Procedures ==
=== ATIS ===
Istanbul airport utilizes the double ATIS system, which is LTFM_A_ATIS and LTFM_D_ATIS. A ATIS is for arrival, and D is for departures. Depending on your flight, please make sure you listen and obtain the correct ATIS information. In addition, pilots '''must''' get the current ATIS information before calling for clearance. Moreover, in departure ATIS, the airborne frequency is published and every traffic '''''must''''' contact departure frequency immediately using the "''callsign'', ''sid_designator''" phraseology. For instance THY123 is a traffic departing from runway 36 and is on VADEN 4E SID, correct phraseology would be:<blockquote>xxx hello, Turkish 123, 4E.</blockquote>
=== PDC/DCL ===
As Istanbul airport is extremely busy, it is '''''MANDATORY''''' to use Departure Clearance Service (''DCL''). This is done by requesting your IFR clearance through CPDLC. If your aircraft does not natively support PDC/DCL (such as PMDG 737 NG3 on MSFS), you can use software such as '''''EasyCPDLC''''' to obtain your clearance. It is very easy to use and eliminates the congestion on the delivery frequency. Just grab your LOGON code from https://www.hoppie.nl/acars/system/register.html and request your clearance through ''Pre-Departure Clearance'' menu.
=== Planning Taxi Times ===
Taxi times in Istanbul Airport differ according to each apron and configuration. In addition, if you fly during an event or you were given a CTOT (Calculated Takeoff Time, slot), then it is, as the pilot, your responsibility to make sure you do not miss your slot. From ''terminal contact apron'', the average taxi time can be between 10-15 minutes and from ''cargo area'' 5-10 minutes depending on the configuration.
=== Low Visibility Procedure ===
When LVP is in progress pilots must:
# Taxi to CAT II/III holding point of the runways. This is a '''must''' as going pass these holding points interfere with ILS (specifically G/S) radio waves.
# (you can verify by asking the controller or checking ATIS), departure traffic '''must''' report ''"AIRBORNE"'' to tower. As visibility is very limited, TWR must know verbally that runway is cleared and available for the next traffic.
=== RECAT - LTFM ===
With the introduction of "Wake Turbulence Re-categorisation" in Turkish Airspace, the conventional wake turbulence categories has been re-defined. You can find more information from [https://www.skybrary.aero/articles/recat-wake-turbulence-re-categorisation Skybrary using this link].
{| class="wikitable"
!RECAT LTFM
!Follower
! Super Heavy
!Upper Heavy
!Lower Heavy
!Upper Medium
!Lower Medium
!Light
|-
!Leader
|
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!F
|-
! Super Heavy
!A
|*
|100s
|120s
|140s
|160s
|180s
|-
!Upper Heavy
!B
|*
|*
|*
|100s
|120s
|140s
|-
!Lower Heavy
!C
|*
|*
|*
|*
|100s
|120s
|-
!Upper Medium
!D
| *
|*
|*
|*
|*
|120s
|-
!Lower Medium
!E
|*
|*
|*
|*
|*
|100s
|-
!Light
!F
|*
|*
|*
|*
|*
|*
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> = End of Runway Threshold or 45 seconds, whichever is '''later'''.
=== Multiple Line Up Procedures ===
To optimize runway utilization, line-up instructions may be issued by TWR to more than one aircraft at different points on the same runway, provided all that:
* Intersection take-off criteria is applied,
* Minimum visibility shall be more than 3000 meters,
* TWR shall continuously observe the multiple line-up positions and the relevant aircraft by visual reference,
* Pilot of the succeeding aircraft shall observe the preceding aircraft on the same RWY by visual reference,
* Pilots shall be advised of the position of any essential traffic information on the same runway,
* Aircraft involved in multiple line-ups on the same runway shall be on the same radio frequency,
* Pilots instructed to line-up shall read-back, the runway designator, the name of the intersection (if applicable) and the number in the departure sequence,
* Wake turbulence separation is applied.
Example phraseology:<blockquote>ATC: Line up and wait runway 35L, intersection B2, number 2 for departure, number one is B737 departing from B4B.
Aircraft: Line up and wait runway 35L, intersection B2, number 2.</blockquote>
=== Minimum Runway Occupancy Time ===
Minimum runway occupancy time is applied to all landing and departing aircraft:
* To optimize the runway utilization, flight crews shall complete all check lists prior to line-up clearance and be ready for immediate take-off,
* When aircraft is at the RWY holding point, pilots should commence line-up and take off roll immediately after take-off clearance is issued by ATC,
* When aircraft is already lined-up on RWY, pilots should commence take off roll immediately after take-off clearance is issued by ATC,
* Pilots are expected to react take-off clearances within 10 seconds,
* Pilots unable to comply with these requirements shall notify ATC before entering the RWY, otherwise ATC may instruct the aircraft to vacate the RWY and re-sequence to prevent excessive RWY occupation.
=== SIDs ===
Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its SID procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (''Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1'') capability is required. If unable, pilot '''must''' inform the controller as soon as possible so that aircraft can be given radar vectors after departure. In addition, if an aircraft was cleared and told to "maintain runway heading after departure" '''''the traffic must maintain the runway heading until further instructions.'''''
{| class="wikitable"
!Active Runway Configuration
|-
!North Config
|-
|During North Configuration, the following SIDs are used
{| class="wikitable"
!RWY
!Sabiha Gokcen (LTFJ) Config
!SID
|-
| rowspan="2" |34L/R
|North (06)
|4C
|-
|South (24)
|4Q*
|-
| rowspan="2" |35L/R
|North (06)
|4D
|-
|South (24)
|4R*
|-
| rowspan="2" |36
|North (06)
|4E
|-
|South (24)
|4S*
|}
''Check Sabiha Gokcen config to use correct SID procedure.''
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Only applicable to ''ASMAP'' SID.
|-
!South Config
|-
|During South Configuration, the following SIDs are used
{| class="wikitable"
!RWY
!Sabiha Gokcen (LTFJ) Config
!SID
|-
| rowspan="2" |16L/R
|South (24)
|4F
|-
|North (06)
|4T*
|-
| rowspan="2" |17L/R
|South (24)
|4G
|-
|North (06)
|4U*
|-
| rowspan="2" |18
|South (24)
|4H
|-
|North (06)
|4V**
|}
''Check Sabiha Gokcen config to use correct SID procedure.''
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Only applicable to ''ASMAP, RATVU'' SIDs.
<nowiki>**</nowiki>Only applicable to ''BARPE, IVGUS,'' ''ASMAP, RATVU'' SIDs.
|}
As it can be seen from the table above, if the runway configuration used in Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ) is in reverse direction, special SID's are used for ASMAP and RATVU (only for south config, for north config it's only for ASMAP).
==== North Config ====
<gallery widths="300" heights="200">
File:LTFM SID VADEN TUDBU IBLAX 4C 4D 4E.png|VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAX 4C/4D/4E
File:LTFM SID BARPE IVGUS RATVU 4C 4D 4E.png|BARPE, IVGUS, RATVU 4C/4D/4E
File:LTFM SID MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP 4C 4D 4E.png|MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP 4C/4D/4E
File:LTFM SID ASMAP 4Q 4R 4S.png|ASMAP 4Q/4R/4S
</gallery>
==== South Config ====
<gallery widths="200" heights="280">
File:LTFM SID VADEN TUDBU IBLAL BARPE IVGUS 4F.png|VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, IVGUS 4F
File:LTFM SID VADEN TUDBU IBLAL BARPE IVGUS 4G.png|VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4G
File:LTFM SID VADEN TUDBU IBLAL BARPE IVGUS 4H.png|VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4H
File:LTFM SID MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4F.png|MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP, RATVU 4F
File:LTFM SID MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4G.png|MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4G
File:LTFM SID MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4H.png|MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4F
File:LTFM SID ASMAP RATVU 4T 4U 4V.png|ASMAP, RATVU 4T/4U/4V
File:LTFM SID BARPE IVGUS 4V.png|BARPE, IVGUS 4V
</gallery>
=== After Departure ===
Every departure traffic '''''must''''' contact departure frequency immediately (if LVP is ''not'' in progress) using the "''callsign'' + ''sid_designator''" phraseology. For instance THY123 is a traffic departing from runway 36 and is on VADEN 4E SID, correct phraseology would be:<blockquote>xxx hello, Turkish 123, 4E.</blockquote>We hope you had fun flying to/from Istanbul Airport and we hope to see you again!
== VFR in Istanbul TMA ==
You can find the VFR chart for Istanbul TMA showing the VFR routings, VFR waypoints, training areas below. If you have any questions regarding this, you can reach out to our Air Traffic, Operation and Navigation department by opening a ticket.
[[File:LT AD 2 LTFM VFR en 2024-02-22.jpg|center|thumb|803x803px|Istanbul TMA VFR Chart]]
== Feedback and Updates ==
If you have any feedback, comments, suggestions or improvements regarding this page, please [https://support.vatsim.tr/ open a ticket].
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Airports]]
[[Category:Airports]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:LTFM}}
__INDEX__

Latest revision as of 01:11, 29 October 2024

Istanbul Airport ATC Tower

Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) is the biggest airport in Turkiye. Located in north west of Istanbul, the airport is the busiest and biggest airport in Europe as per 2022 statistics of EuroControl[1]. The airport has 5 runways, fuel farm, dedicated cargo area consisting of 5 apron (29 heavy stands), several warehouses and facilities (biggest one being Turkish Cargo followed by DHL and UPS), and is home to world's biggest airport terminal (under one roof).

The airport has not been completed. As of January 2023, only Phase 1a and 1b is finished. The final phase of the airport includes 8 runways, 2 terminals with 1 satellite terminal with up to 200 million passenger/year capacity.

Istanbul Airport Current and Planned Layout

Sceneries

Payware

There are multiple payware options depending on the simulator for Istanbul Airport. You can find more information from the table below.

Simulator Developer Publisher Links
P3D v4/v5 SceneryTR SimMarket https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-stanbul-airport-ltfm.phtml
X-Plane 11 SceneryTR/SimPort Team Aerosoft https://secure.simmarket.com/aerosoft-airport-istanbul-x-plane-11.phtml
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 SceneryTR SimMarket Can be bought from MarketPlace

OR https://secure.simmarket.com/scenerytr-istanbul-airport-ltfm_msfs.phtml

Freeware

SceneryTR - Istanbul Airport in Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020

There are also freeware options available for Istanbul Airport. However there is significant difference in quality.

Simulator Developer Publisher Links
FSX/P3D Hakan Dağhan, Kamil Uzun, Erman Gökman Piliçoğlu, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
X-Plane 11 Mali Öğüdücü, Hayri Büberci, Kamil Uzun, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 Hayri Büberci, Mali Öğüdücü, Kamil Uzun, Muhteşem Fırtına Özçınar Turkish Virtual https://turkishvirtual.com/turkishvirtual_LTFM_scenerys.asp

Preferential Runway System (PRS)

The term “Preferential RWY System (PRS)” shall be used to indicate the runway that, at a particular time, is considered by the ATC unit to be the most suitable for use by the aircraft expected to land at or take-off from the aerodrome, by taking into consideration aircraft performance, surface wind speed and its components. PRS Operations contribute to the optimum use of airspace and aerodrome capacity.

The Preferential Runways in Istanbul Airport (LTFM) are north configuration runways (34L/R & 35L/R & 36)

RWYCC (Runway Condition Code) Tail Wind Component (max)
RWYCC 6/6/6

(dry, maximum braking)

10 KT (included)
When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each runway third

(worse than dry, low braking

5 KT (included)
  1. In the PRS operations, the above wind criteria depending on the runway surface condition shall be applied.
  2. During the PRS operations, ATC unit takes into account the ground wind, traffic situation, local meteorological conditions, environmental restrictions, technical infrastructure, noise abatement, etc.
  3. PRS operations will not be available under the following circumstances:
    • The instrument approach/departure procedures available for the preferred RWY(s) are not convenient for landing and/ or take-off operations under the existing meteorological conditions
    • When the preferred RWY(s) are dry (RWYCC[2] 6/6/6), the tail wind component is greater than 10 Kt,
    • When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each the preferred RWY(s) third, the tail wind component is greater than 5 Kt,
    • When RWYCC is reported at least 5 for any each the preferred RWY(s) third, there is a NOTAM/equivalent information (which may be included in the RCR) stating that the runway is slippery, ATIS announcement when PRS Operations are in progress shall be; “Preferential Runway Operations are in Progress”.
    • RWYCC is reported 4 or less any each the preferred RWY(s) third,
    • Meteorological conditions such as heavy rainfall, thunderstorm or wind-shear has been reported on the approach or climb path of the preferred RWY(s),
    • Low visibility operations are in progress.
  4. ATIS announcement when PRS Operations are in progress shall be; “Preferential Runway Operations are in Progress”.
  5. Pilots unable to comply with PRS Operations shall notify the relevant ATC unit at the time of requesting start-up clearance, at the first contact or 20 minutes in advance of the ETA (which is earlier).

Arrival Procedures

Introduction

Istanbul Airport is located within Istanbul TMA (Terminal Manoeuvring Area). Istanbul TMA covers Istanbul Airport (LTFM), Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ), Ataturk Airport (LTBA), Samandira Airbase (LTBX), Corlu Ataturk Airport (LTBU), Hezarfen Municipal Airport (LTBW), Cengiz Topel Airport (LTBQ), Bursa Yunuseli Airport (LTBE) and Bursa Yenisehir Airport (LTBR). There are several more airports within the TMA however they are so small and not known that they are never used in VATSIM.

Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its STAR procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1) capability is required. If unable, pilot must inform the controller so that aircraft can be given radar vectors to final. Arrival into Istanbul Airport might seem complicated to some pilots however it is actually very simple. LTFM STARs utilize PMS (Point Merge System) for efficient airspace control, separation, and to control traffic flow within Yesilkoy TMA. All STARs utilize idle descent philosophy until PMS entry. These point merge systems act as an arc of a circle and ease air traffic control.

Important things to keep in mind:

  • Vacating aircraft has priority at the intersection of the parallel taxiway. Which means, if you are vacating a RWY using rapid exit, the traffic on G, for example, should stop for you.
  • After the runway is vacated, do not report vacated to TWR* and DO NOT STOP on rapid-exit taxiways.
  • For runway 34L/16R, after landing cross 34R/16L, then join taxiway A to the south direction and contact GND.
  • For runway 35R/17L, vacate to the C taxiway then contact GND without stopping.
  • For runway 36/18, traffics should not vacate via G11 and G12 taxiways. Instead, pilots should use the rapid exit taxiways to G taxiway then contact GND.

*unless LVP is in progress. Check next section for more details.

Low Visibility Procedure

When LVP are in progress, every traffic must report "Vacated" to the TWR, as verbal confirmation from the traffic is mandatory and for the TWR to know the runway is available for the next traffic.

STARs

The STARs at Istanbul airport are designed to be ambiguous between the active runways. For instance, if northern config is active, RILEX2A STAR will end at IMREN waypoint, and IMREN is IAF (Initial Approach Fix) for all approach procedures for all northern runways. This means, whether you land at 34L, 35R or 36 (when north config is active), you still use the same STAR procedure for all runways. You can find the STAR designator table on the next page.

Active Runway Configuration
North Config
Type STARs
Standard

(uses default Arc)

2A
Alternative*

(uses opposite Arc)

*not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs

2N
Alternative*

(uses same Arc as 2A (if original Arc is West, still uses the West Arc) but from opposite entry)

*not applicable to DRAMO and INBET STARs

2Q
*Alternative: Only used by ATC.
South Config
Type STARs
Standard

(uses default Arc)

2B
Alternative*

(uses opposite Arc)

*not applicable to RILEX STARs

2P
Alternative*

(uses same Arc as 2B (if original Arc is West, still uses the West Arc) but from opposite entry)

*not applicable to RILEX, RIXEN, SISPI STARs

2R
*Alternative: Only used by ATC.

As Istanbul Airport utilizes multiple configurations depending on traffic, weather, congestion, NOTAMs etc. You might be cleared to a different STAR compared to another traffic that is flying exactly the same route as you. Default designators for northern config (34/35/36) is 2A and default designator for southern configuration (16/17/18) is 2B. These STARs keep the traffic arriving west to use the west PMS and traffic arriving from east to use the east PMS. 2N and 2P STARs are designed to ease the workload of a PMS, by making the traffic to use the opposite PMS (traffic arriving from west to use the east PMS or to enter PMS from north instead of south at different altitude e.g).

North Config

  • ATPIX 2A, ERSEN 2N and RIXEN 2N

    ATPIX 2A, ERSEN 2N and RIXEN 2N

  • ATPIX 2N

    ATPIX 2N

  • DRAMO 2A and INBET 2A

    DRAMO 2A and INBET 2A

  • ERSEN 2A and SISPI 2A

    ERSEN 2A and SISPI 2A

  • RILEX 2A and RIXEN 2A

    RILEX 2A and RIXEN 2A

  • RILEX 2N

    RILEX 2N

South Config

  • DRAMO 2B, 2P and INBET 2B, 2P

    DRAMO 2B, 2P and INBET 2B, 2P

  • ERSEN 2B and SISPI 2B

    ERSEN 2B and SISPI 2B

  • ERSEN 2P and SISPI 2P

    ERSEN 2P and SISPI 2P

  • RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B

    RILEX 2B and RIXEN 2B

  • RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B

    RIXEN 2P and ATPIX 2B

ILS-X 35R Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)

Transitions and Approach Phase

As mentioned previously, Istanbul Airport utilizes Point-Merge System. Each PMS leads to last point of the STAR and the entry point of the approach transition. For northern config, IAF for west PMS is IMREN, for east config it is SADIK. For south config, IAF for west PMS is INSTA and for east PMS it is DIVDI. Flying the correct transition is crucial and must. Each pilot is responsible for selecting the correct transition. This transition is NOT a STAR transition but transition for the approach procedure. There are different approach procedures and each has different transition phase (both laterally and vertically), go around procedure and used differently to streamline the independent parallel approach procedure . As a pilot, you must make sure you have programmed your FMS using the correct approach procedure and transition. Each pilot is responsible for selecting and flying the correct transition whether ATC is online or not. Since transitions are a must as they play a crucial role in the independent parallel approach procedure, pilot's must fly the transition both laterally and vertically at all times. If the transition is not selected correctly in the aircraft's FMS, the plane will fly directly to FAF, skipping the transition completely. This is not allowed for approach procedure into Istanbul as each approach procedure and transition is very different than one another, both laterally and vertically. You can see an example of how ILS-X and ILS-Z transition differs from the pictures (you can see they are both laterally and vertically different).

ILS-Z Approach (showing both IMREN and SADIK transition)

Ground Layout

Istanbul airport is on the list of biggest airports as per surface area, with staggering 76.5 million m2 of land area. The airport has 5 runways, 34L/16R, 34R/16L, 35L/17R, 35R/17L and 36/18. Between RWYs 34 and 35, the main MRO and cargo area can be found. Between RWY 35 and 36, main passenger terminal and the stands can be found. Most gates and stands utilize MARS (Multiple Aircraft Ramp System). This increases the efficiency and gate usage significantly. With the MARS system, one gate can be shared by either 2 small to medium aircraft or 1 heavy (widebody) aircraft. In Istanbul Airport, MARS system uses L (as left) and R (as right) abbreviations for medium/split gates. For instance B4 gate is used by either 1 heavy aircraft or 2 medium aircrafts use B4L (Gate B 4 Left) and B4R (Gate B 4 Right).

LTFM Aerodrome Chart

Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron

Main Passenger Terminal and Terminal Contact Apron

Passenger terminal at Istanbul Airport both house international and domestic traffic. The gates are split into piers and identifiers.

Terminal split showing international and domestic areas
Gates/Pier International Domestic
A Gates X
B Gates X
C Gates X
D Gates X
E Gates X
F Gates X
G Gates X

C and E gates are only medium gates and are connected directly to the main building. A, B, C, D, F and G gates are located in their respective piers.

A Pier

A gates/pier is only for international flights. Gate A9 is the only gate that does not have MARS system. Gate A2 is only the one of the 2 gates that is equipped with third jetbridge, which is used for A380 flights.

B Pier

B gates/pier is used located in international area of the terminal and only international flights use these gates. Gates B1, B3, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B12 and B18 utilize MARS system. Gates B4, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17 are heavy gates. Gate B2 is only to be used by small to medium aircraft.

C Gates

C gates are located in the West Cul-de-Sac of the terminal complex and have only 4 gates. All gates (C1, C2, C3, C4) are to medium gates.

D Pier

D Pier is used heavily by long range flights due to being the most heavy gates. Out of 19 gates, only gates D1, D2, D3, D4 are medium gates. Rest of them are heavy only.

E Gates

Just like C gates, E gates have only gates (E1, E2, E3, E4). They are located in the East Cul-de-Sac.

F Pier

F pier has mix of gates and flights. Gate F2 is medium only whereas gates F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F12, F13 use MARS. Gates F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19 are heavy only gates. F1 gate uses MARS however is domestic only.

Apron 1 stands

G Pier

G pier is to be used only for domestic flights. Entire G pier utilizes MARS.

Apron 1

Apron 1 is located north of Terminal Area, situated between taxiways D and G. It contains 33 medium stands (100-132 and 149) and 16 MARS stands (133-148).

Apron 2 and 3

Apron 2 and 3 Stands

Apron 2 is situated south of A pier and Apron 3 is located south of G pier. Both aprons contain MARS and narrowbody-only stands. 2xx stands represent stands located in apron 2 and 3xx stands in apron 3. Stands 218, 219, 225 and 226 are used by Turkish Technic and should not be used. Stands 316, 317, 318, 319 is used only for VIP.

For Apron 2:

  • 200 - 214 -> Medium gates
  • 220 - 224 -> MARS
Cargo aprons and stands

For Apron 3:

  • 300 - 312 -> Medium gates
  • 313 - 315 -> MARS

Cargo and MRO Aprons

Located between runways 34R/16L and 35L/17R, there are 5 cargo aprons and 2 MRO aprons. Cargo stands start with K. Stands K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 all utilize MARS wheres the remaining stands K10-K21 (used ONLY by Turkish Cargo) and K50-K57 are heavy gates. 4xx and 5xx stands are used only by Turkish Technic.

Pushback Procedures

Each gate/stand in Istanbul Airport has published standard and alternative pushback procedure. These procedures increase efficiency of the aprons, gates, ground movements and streamline the traffic flow through out the airport. You might see abbreviations such as PSN. There are "Pushback Positions" which act as point where aircraft should pushback to.

Pushback Procedures of A Pier - Standard
Pushback Procedures of Southwest Area - Alternative
Pushback Procedures for A9-A10-A11 Gates - Standard

Southwest Area | A Pier

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
A2L thru

A2R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS8

(Be aware

of the ACFT

pushbacks

from stands

A2L, A2, B1

and B1R).

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A3L thru

A7R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A8L thru

A8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North. TWY E5 will remain

clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

A9 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North, then pulled forward

until TWY E5 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

A10

A11

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel is at the

PSN5 point.

E2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

PSN5

A10L, A10R

A11L, A11R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North until its nosewheel

is at the PSN5 point.

Pushback Approved

PSN5

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face North and continue push until

TWY T2 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

on E2 TWY

Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - standard
Pushback procedures for northwest area of B pier - alternate

Terminal Contact Apron | Northwest Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
B1L thru

B1R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS8

(Be aware

of the ACFT

pushbacks

from stands

A2L, A2, B1

and B1R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North and continue push until

TWY E8 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

B3L thru B3R

B5L thru B5R

B7L thru B7R

B9L thru B9R

B12L thru

B12R

B13

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

B14

B15

B16

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NW to face West.

The ACFT

pushing back

from stand

B14 facing East

should pull

forward until

T2 TWY is clear.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NW to face East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac - alternative -2
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - Standard
Pushback procedures for west cul-de-sac end - C gates - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | West Cul-de-Sac Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
B10L thru

B10R

B17

B18L thru

B18R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South.

Taxi out via TC TWY.

The ACFT

pushing back

from stand B17

should pull

forward until

NW TWY

is clear.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face

South shall use

TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

D13

D15

D17

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use

TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

D19 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY NW facing East and

continue push until TWY T3 will remain clear of

ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face East on NW

TWY

B4 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South

and continue push until its

nosewheel is at PSN1 point.

Taxi out via TC TWY.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

PSN1

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South, then

pulled forward until its nosewheel is at the PSN2

point on TWY T5 facing North.

Pushback Approved

PSN2

B6L thru

B6R

B8L thru

B8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South and

continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN1

point.Taxi out via TC TWY.

HS6

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B6R and

B8L).

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TC.

Pushback Approved

PSN1

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing North abeam

stand B6, TWY TC will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Abeam Stand B6

D7

D9

D11

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing North, then

pulled forward until its nosewheel is at the PSN2

point.

CAT D and E

ACFT pushing

back face South

shall use TWY TC.

Pushback Approved

PSN2

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South and

continue push until abeam stand D11.

Taxi out via TC TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Abeam Stand D11

B2

C3

C4

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T3 facing South.

Taxi out via T5 TWY.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

Face South on T3 TWY

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY facing West abeam

stand C2. Taxi out via T3 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face West

C1

C2

D1

D3

D5

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY facing East abeam

stand C3. Taxi out via T5 TWY.

HS4

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands B2, B4,

C1, C2, C3, C4,

D1, D3 and D5).

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the

pushback line onto TWY T5 facing South abeam

stand D7. Taxi out via T3 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T5 TWY

Pushback Procedures for east cul-de-sac - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac - alternative
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact gates - standard
Pushback procedures for east cul-de-sac terminal contact area - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | East Cul-de-Sac Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
D12

D14

D16

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

D20 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback line

onto TWY NE facing West and continue push until

TWY T9 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face Wast on NE

TWY

F12L thru

F12R

F14

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

D6

D8

D10

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing North, then pulled forward

until its nosewheel is at the PSN4 point.

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

PSN4

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South and continue push until

abeam stand D10.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Abeam Stand D10

F4L thru

F4R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until

its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).

Pushback Approved

PSN3

F4 Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South then pulled forward until

its nosewhell is at the PSN 4 on TWY T7 face North.

Pushback Approved

PSN4

F4L

F4R

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face East

F6L thru

F6R

F8L thru

F8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South and continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN3 point.

HS7

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands F6L and

F8R)

CAT D and E

ACFTs pushing

back face South

shall use TWY

TD.

Pushback Approved

PSN3

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing North, then pulled forward until abeam stand F6.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Abeam Stand F6

D2

D4

E1

E2

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T7 TWY

E3 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T7 TWY

E4

F2

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Pushback procedures for F pier - standard
Pushback procedures for F Pier - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | Northeast area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
F1L thru

F1R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS9

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands F1L, F1

and G2, G2R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

F3L thru F3R

F5L thru F5R

F7L thru F7R

F9L thru F9R

F13L thru

F13R

F18

F19

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

F15

F16

F17

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NE facing West.

The ACFT

pushing back

from Stand F15

should pull

forward until

T9 TWY is clear.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY NE facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

G2L thru

G2R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS9

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands F1L, F1

and G2, G2R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

G4L thru

G8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

D2

D4

E1

E2

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY facing West abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Abeam Stand F6

E3 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4.

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T7 facing South abeam stand D6.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T7 TWY

E4

F2

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T9 facing South abeam stand F4

Taxi out via T7 TWY.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4

and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

on T9 TWY

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback line

onto TWY facing East abeam stand E3.

Taxi out via T9 TWY.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Pushback procedures for G pier - standard
Pushback procedures for G pier - alternative
Pushback procedures for G9, G10, G11 gates - STD
Pushback procedures for gates G9, G10, G11 - alternative

Terminal Contact Apron | Southeast Area

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
G2L thru

G2R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

HS9

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands F1L, F1

and G2, G2R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North and continue push until

TWY F6 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face North

G4L thru

G8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

G9L thru

G9R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY F1 facing North and continue push until

its nosewheel is at the PSN10 point.

F2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

PSN10

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing West and continue push until

its nosewheel is at the PSN6 point facing South.

Pushback Approved

PSN6

G10L thru

G11R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing West then following

the pushback line onto TWY F1 facing North

and continue push until its nosewheel is at the PSN10 point.

F2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

PSN10

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing West and continue push

until its nosewheel is at the PSN6 point facing

South.

Pushback Approved

PSN6

G4L thru

G8R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing South.

HS5

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands D2, D4,

E1, E2, E3, E4,

F2, F4L, F4 and F4R).

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY T11 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Apron 1

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
100 thru

109

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

110 thru

121

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

122 thru

131

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N6 facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

132 thru

137R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing East.

The ACFT

pushes on

a live TWY that

may delay other

taxiing ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

138L thru

143R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing East.

The ACFT

pushes on

a live TWY that

may delay other

taxiing ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

144L thru

149

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing West.

The ACFT

pushes on

a live TWY that

may delay other

taxiing ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Apron 2

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
200 thru

207

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

215L thru

217R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

220L thru

220R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East.

HS10

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands 214 and

220).

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E3 to face South and continue push until

D TWY is clear.

Pushback Approved

Face South

on E3 TWY

221L thru

221R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East.

E2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY N5 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

222L thru

222R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

223L thru

223R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East, then pulled forward

until abeam stand 223.

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

224L thru

224R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

208 thru

212

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

213, 214 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East.

HS10

(Be aware of

the ACFT

pushbacks from

stands 214

and 220).

Pushback Approved

Face East

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY E2 to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

218L thru

218R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face North, then pulled forward

until its nosewheel is at the PSN7 point.

Pushback Approved

PSN7

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face South, then pulled forward

until TWY E1 will remain clear of ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

219L thru

219R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face North, then pulled forward

until its nosewheel is at the PSN7 point.

Pushback Approved

PSN7

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face South.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Apron 3

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
300 thru

312

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY F2 facing South.

Alternate

pushback

is not suitable

for stands 311

and 312.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY F2 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

313L thru

315R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY F1 facing South.

The ACFTs

pushing back

from stands

313L thru 313R

should pull

forward until

TWY T11

is clear.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY F1 facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

316L thru

317R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY D to face East.

F2 TWY

is CAT C.

Pushback Approved

PSN8

318L thru

319R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY G facing South and continue push

until its nosewheel is at the PSN9 point facing East

on G1 TWY.

Pushback Approved

PSN9

Cargo Aprons 1 Thru 5

Stand Pushback Procedure Caution Phraseology
K1L thru

K9R

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY A4 facing West.

Pushback Approved

Face West

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY A4 facing East.

Pushback Approved

Face East

K10 thru

K21

Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY B facing South.

The ACFT

pushes on

a live TWY that

may delay other

taxiing ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY B facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

K50 thru K57 Standard

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY A facing South.

The ACFT

pushes on

a live TWY that

may delay other

taxiing ACFT.

Pushback Approved

Face South

Alternate

The ACFT shall be pushed back following the pushback

line onto TWY A facing North.

Pushback Approved

Face North

Taxi Procedures

Istanbul Airport is very big and might seem scary regarding all the taxiways and size however the pre-defined taxi procedures make it very easy for both pilots and ATC. This section outlines these procedures, taxi limits, speed limits and terminal area.

Terminal Area

Main terminal has predefined exits and routes. These predefined routes and directions help ease the traffic flow and ground movement in the airport as it can be seen below from the picture.

Diagram showing Terminal apron exits and directions, taxiways to be used.

Taxi Routes

Istanbul airport is a big airport. There are 12 ground sectors and with around 1,300 flights every day, ground frequencies get very congested. In addition, giving taxi instructions one by one to each aircraft increases the workload for air traffic controllers and creates more congestion in the frequency. To fix this problem, Istanbul Airport utilizes "Taxi Routes". These taxi routes are pre-defined, published (available in ALL charts) procedures to lower the workload of controllers and reduce clutter in the frequency. Example:

A traffic (THY123) is pushing back from F12L would pushback facing south as per standard pushback procedure. Let's say the departure runway is 35L. The conversation on for the frequency would be in below fashion if old system was used:

THY123: Istanbul ground, Turkish 123 requesting taxi.

ATC: Turkish 123, taxi to holding point B4A, via TD, T7, N2, D, B.

THY123: Taxi to holding point B4A via TD, T7, N2, D, B.

The issue with this phraseology is that, first of all, it's very long. In an airport with 1,300/day traffic movement, this kind of phraseology would block the traffic. Moreover, if traffic or ATC make a mistake such as mispronouncing one letter or if traffic doesn't understand the taxi instructions, readback the instructions wrong, both ATC and pilot will further continue this conversation. This will create even more congestion and the frequency will be blocked. Let's look at the following example:

THY123: Istanbul ground, Turkish 123 requesting taxi.

ATC: Turkish 123, taxi via TD, T7, DEPARTURE 2A.

THY123: Taxi via TD, T7, DEPARTURE 2A.

As it can be seen from the example, it's very easy and straightforward for everyone involved in this conversation. The instructions are precise and since these procedures are published in the charts, can be updated anytime by DHMI.

Taxi route system uses the following designators which makes it easier to understand.

Designator Runway
-1* 34L/16R
-2* 35L/17R, 35R/17L
-3* 36/18

As it can be seen, -1* routes are for runways 34L/16R, -2* routes are for 35/17 runways (L/R) and -3* routes are for 36/18 runway. The different colors on the charts represent the taxi speed for that taxiway. Next section shows the taxi speeds for the airport.

Arrival Taxi Routes

ARR 1A
RWY 34L
Procedure Description
1A Arrival traffic vacating RWY 34L shall cross 34R and use taxiways A, A3, E1, D3, E, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
RWY 16R
Procedure Description
1A Arrival traffic vacating RWY 16R, shall cross 16L and use taxiways A, A3, E1, D3, E, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
  • RWY 34L

    RWY 34L

  • RWY 16R

    RWY 16R

ARR 2A, ARR 2B, ARR 2C, ARR 2D, ARR 2E
RWY 35L
Procedure Description
2A Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways, C, N5, T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
2B Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
2C Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
2D Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N1, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway.
2E Arrival traffic vacating RWY 35R, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
RWY 17L
Procedure Description
2A Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5 and T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
2B Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5 and T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway.
2C Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N1 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
2D Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N1, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway.
2E Arrival traffic vacating RWY 17L, shall use taxiways C, N5, T9, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC.
  • RWY 35R

    RWY 35R

  • RWY 17L

    RWY 17L

ARR 3A, ARR 3B, ARR 3C, ARR 3D
RWY 36
Procedure Description
3A Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4 and T3 and hold short of N2 taxiway
3B Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4 and T9 and hold short of N2 taxiway
3C Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N3 and F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
3D Arrival traffic vacating RWY 36, shall use taxiways G, N4, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway
Arrival taxi routes for RWY 36
ARR 3F, ARR 3G, ARR 3H
RWY 18
Procedure Description
3F Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiways G, N2, D and B and hold short of A3 taxiway
3G Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiways G and N4 and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
3H Arrival traffic vacating RWY 18, shall use taxiway F and hold position at clearance limit given by ATC
Arrival taxi routes ARR 3F, ARR 3G, ARR 3H for RWY 18

Departure Taxi Routes

DEP 1A
RWY 34L
Procedure Description
1A Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B, E1D, A1 and A1B taxiways and hold short of RWY 34R
DEP 1A taxi route for RWY 34L
DEP 1F
RWY 16R
Procedure Description
1F Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B, A7, A and A10B taxiways and hold short of RWY 16L
DEP 1F taxi route for RWY 16R
DEP 2A, DEP 2B, DEP 2C
RWY 35L
Procedure Description
2A Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B and B4A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35L
2B Departure traffic shall use G, N2, C and C5A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35R
2C Departure traffic shall use E, D8, C1B and C1A taxiways and hold short of RWY 35R
  • DEP 2A and DEP 2B

    DEP 2A and DEP 2B

  • DEP 2B and DEP 2C

    DEP 2B and DEP 2C

DEP 2F, DEP 2G, DEP 2H
RWY 17R
Procedure Description
2F Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, B and B9A taxiways and hold short of RWY 17R
2G Departure traffic shall use G, N2, D, C7B, C and C11 taxiways and hold short of RWY 17L
2H Departure traffic shall use E, NW, D, C7B, C and C11 taxiways and hold short of RWY 17L
  • DEP 2F and DEP 2G

    DEP 2F and DEP 2G

  • DEP 2G and DEP 2H

    DEP 2G and DEP 2H

DEP 3A, DEP 3B
RWY 36
Procedure Description
3A Departure traffic shall use E1, D3, E, N1, G and G7A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
3B Departure traffic shall use G and G6A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
DEP 3A and DEP 3B
DEP 3F, DEP 3G
RWY 18
Procedure Description
3F Departure traffic shall use E1, D3, E, N1, G and G7A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
3G Departure traffic shall use G and G6A taxiways and hold short of RWY 36
DEP 3F and DEP 3G

Taxi Speeds

Taxi speeds in Istanbul are determined based on the taxiway length, width, PCN and it's purpose. Pilots should always obey speed rules and follow the instructions. The ATC might warn the pilot if they are going faster than the allowed speed for that taxiway. In addition, under LVP (Low Visibility Procedures) conditions, it is up to the pilot in command to manage the speed and spacing between other ground traffic.

Chart showing taxi speed limits in LTFM
Chart showing the layout and coverage of the sectors and their subsectors

Ground and Tower Sector Layout

Sector Coverage Area Frequency
Delivery
LTFM_DEL Entire airport 121.700
Ground
LTFM_GND Entire airport* 124.725
LTFM_W_GND West half of the airport (if the airport was split in half) 126.825
LTFM_E_GND East half of the airport (if the airport was split in half) 126.925
LTFM_T_GND Terminal Contact Apron 121.575
LTFM_TW_GND West half of Terminal Contact Apron 124.925
LTFM_TE_GND East half of Terminal Contact Apron 129.625
Tower
LTFM_TWR All runways if sub-tower sectors are offline 130.625
LTFM_1_TWR RWYs 34L/16R and 34R/16L 131.100
LTFM_3_TWR RWYs 35L/17R and 35R/17L 122.700
LTFM_5_TWR RWY 36/18 119.025

Departure Procedures

ATIS

Istanbul airport utilizes the double ATIS system, which is LTFM_A_ATIS and LTFM_D_ATIS. A ATIS is for arrival, and D is for departures. Depending on your flight, please make sure you listen and obtain the correct ATIS information. In addition, pilots must get the current ATIS information before calling for clearance. Moreover, in departure ATIS, the airborne frequency is published and every traffic must contact departure frequency immediately using the "callsign, sid_designator" phraseology. For instance THY123 is a traffic departing from runway 36 and is on VADEN 4E SID, correct phraseology would be:

xxx hello, Turkish 123, 4E.

PDC/DCL

As Istanbul airport is extremely busy, it is MANDATORY to use Departure Clearance Service (DCL). This is done by requesting your IFR clearance through CPDLC. If your aircraft does not natively support PDC/DCL (such as PMDG 737 NG3 on MSFS), you can use software such as EasyCPDLC to obtain your clearance. It is very easy to use and eliminates the congestion on the delivery frequency. Just grab your LOGON code from https://www.hoppie.nl/acars/system/register.html and request your clearance through Pre-Departure Clearance menu.

Planning Taxi Times

Taxi times in Istanbul Airport differ according to each apron and configuration. In addition, if you fly during an event or you were given a CTOT (Calculated Takeoff Time, slot), then it is, as the pilot, your responsibility to make sure you do not miss your slot. From terminal contact apron, the average taxi time can be between 10-15 minutes and from cargo area 5-10 minutes depending on the configuration.

Low Visibility Procedure

When LVP is in progress pilots must:

  1. Taxi to CAT II/III holding point of the runways. This is a must as going pass these holding points interfere with ILS (specifically G/S) radio waves.
  2. (you can verify by asking the controller or checking ATIS), departure traffic must report "AIRBORNE" to tower. As visibility is very limited, TWR must know verbally that runway is cleared and available for the next traffic.

RECAT - LTFM

With the introduction of "Wake Turbulence Re-categorisation" in Turkish Airspace, the conventional wake turbulence categories has been re-defined. You can find more information from Skybrary using this link.

RECAT LTFM Follower Super Heavy Upper Heavy Lower Heavy Upper Medium Lower Medium Light
Leader A B C D E F
Super Heavy A * 100s 120s 140s 160s 180s
Upper Heavy B * * * 100s 120s 140s
Lower Heavy C * * * * 100s 120s
Upper Medium D * * * * * 120s
Lower Medium E * * * * * 100s
Light F * * * * * *

* = End of Runway Threshold or 45 seconds, whichever is later.

Multiple Line Up Procedures

To optimize runway utilization, line-up instructions may be issued by TWR to more than one aircraft at different points on the same runway, provided all that:

  • Intersection take-off criteria is applied,
  • Minimum visibility shall be more than 3000 meters,
  • TWR shall continuously observe the multiple line-up positions and the relevant aircraft by visual reference,
  • Pilot of the succeeding aircraft shall observe the preceding aircraft on the same RWY by visual reference,
  • Pilots shall be advised of the position of any essential traffic information on the same runway,
  • Aircraft involved in multiple line-ups on the same runway shall be on the same radio frequency,
  • Pilots instructed to line-up shall read-back, the runway designator, the name of the intersection (if applicable) and the number in the departure sequence,
  • Wake turbulence separation is applied.

Example phraseology:

ATC: Line up and wait runway 35L, intersection B2, number 2 for departure, number one is B737 departing from B4B.


Aircraft: Line up and wait runway 35L, intersection B2, number 2.

Minimum Runway Occupancy Time

Minimum runway occupancy time is applied to all landing and departing aircraft:

  • To optimize the runway utilization, flight crews shall complete all check lists prior to line-up clearance and be ready for immediate take-off,
  • When aircraft is at the RWY holding point, pilots should commence line-up and take off roll immediately after take-off clearance is issued by ATC,
  • When aircraft is already lined-up on RWY, pilots should commence take off roll immediately after take-off clearance is issued by ATC,
  • Pilots are expected to react take-off clearances within 10 seconds,
  • Pilots unable to comply with these requirements shall notify ATC before entering the RWY, otherwise ATC may instruct the aircraft to vacate the RWY and re-sequence to prevent excessive RWY occupation.

SIDs

Istanbul Airport utilizes RNAV in all of its SID procedures. In addition, P-RNAV (Precision-Area Navigation, RNP1) capability is required. If unable, pilot must inform the controller as soon as possible so that aircraft can be given radar vectors after departure. In addition, if an aircraft was cleared and told to "maintain runway heading after departure" the traffic must maintain the runway heading until further instructions.

Active Runway Configuration
North Config
During North Configuration, the following SIDs are used
RWY Sabiha Gokcen (LTFJ) Config SID
34L/R North (06) 4C
South (24) 4Q*
35L/R North (06) 4D
South (24) 4R*
36 North (06) 4E
South (24) 4S*

Check Sabiha Gokcen config to use correct SID procedure.

*Only applicable to ASMAP SID.

South Config
During South Configuration, the following SIDs are used
RWY Sabiha Gokcen (LTFJ) Config SID
16L/R South (24) 4F
North (06) 4T*
17L/R South (24) 4G
North (06) 4U*
18 South (24) 4H
North (06) 4V**

Check Sabiha Gokcen config to use correct SID procedure.

*Only applicable to ASMAP, RATVU SIDs.

**Only applicable to BARPE, IVGUS, ASMAP, RATVU SIDs.

As it can be seen from the table above, if the runway configuration used in Sabiha Gokcen Airport (LTFJ) is in reverse direction, special SID's are used for ASMAP and RATVU (only for south config, for north config it's only for ASMAP).

North Config

  • VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAX 4C/4D/4E

    VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAX 4C/4D/4E

  • BARPE, IVGUS, RATVU 4C/4D/4E

    BARPE, IVGUS, RATVU 4C/4D/4E

  • MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP 4C/4D/4E

    MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP 4C/4D/4E

  • ASMAP 4Q/4R/4S

    ASMAP 4Q/4R/4S

South Config

  • VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, IVGUS 4F

    VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, IVGUS 4F

  • VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4G

    VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4G

  • VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4H

    VADEN, TUDBU, IBLAL, BARPE 4H

  • MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP, RATVU 4F

    MAKOL, OSMEV, ASMAP, RATVU 4F

  • MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4G

    MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4G

  • MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4F

    MAKOL OSMEV ASMAP RATVU 4F

  • ASMAP, RATVU 4T/4U/4V

    ASMAP, RATVU 4T/4U/4V

  • BARPE, IVGUS 4V

    BARPE, IVGUS 4V

After Departure

Every departure traffic must contact departure frequency immediately (if LVP is not in progress) using the "callsign + sid_designator" phraseology. For instance THY123 is a traffic departing from runway 36 and is on VADEN 4E SID, correct phraseology would be:

xxx hello, Turkish 123, 4E.

We hope you had fun flying to/from Istanbul Airport and we hope to see you again!

VFR in Istanbul TMA

You can find the VFR chart for Istanbul TMA showing the VFR routings, VFR waypoints, training areas below. If you have any questions regarding this, you can reach out to our Air Traffic, Operation and Navigation department by opening a ticket.

Istanbul TMA VFR Chart

Feedback and Updates

If you have any feedback, comments, suggestions or improvements regarding this page, please open a ticket.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-comprehensive-aviation-assessment-archive-2022
  2. ↑ Runway Condition Code


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